Application and control of phoxim in fruit trees

Phoxim, also known as acrylonitrile and phoxim, is a widely used organophosphate insecticide in fruit cultivation. In orchards, the use of low-toxicity, low-residue, and biological pesticides has become a key strategy to produce safe and high-quality fruits, playing a crucial role in enhancing the overall productivity and sustainability of fruit farming in China. The application and management of phoxim in fruit trees are detailed below: **1. Types of Phoxim Formulations** Common formulations include 50% emulsifiable concentrate, 25% microcapsule suspension, 3% granules, and 5% granules. These formulations offer flexibility depending on the specific pest control needs and application methods. **2. Toxicity of Phoxim Preparations** Phoxim is considered low in toxicity to humans and animals but highly toxic to aquatic life, bees, and beneficial insects. Care must be taken to avoid environmental contamination and protect non-target species. **3. Function and Characteristics of Phoxim** - Phoxim is an organophosphate insecticide that works by inhibiting the activity of cholinesterase in pests, leading to their paralysis and death. - It has a broad spectrum of action, low toxicity, and minimal residue, making it suitable for integrated pest management. - It is effective against lepidopteran larvae and soil pests, and can also kill eggs and leafhoppers. - Its mode of action includes contact and stomach toxicity, with some fumigant and penetrating effects, but it is not systemic. **4. Target Pests Controlled by Phoxim** - Controls peach small heartworms and other heartworms on peach trees. - Effective against moths such as leaf roller moths, leaf miner moths, and fruit moths. - Targets leaf-eating pests like aphids, leaf curlers, pear star caterpillars, and leaf miners. - Helps manage underground pests such as cockroaches and ground tigers. **5. Application Methods** - To control peach heartworms: During the emergence period of wintering larvae, apply 500 g of 50% emulsifiable concentrate or 500–600 g of 25% microcapsule suspension per 667 m², diluted in 150 kg of water, and spray around the tree base. Weeding and shallow plowing should follow after application. - For moth pests: Spray 50% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000–1500 times during the early stages of infestation. - For peach fruit moths: Apply 25% microcapsule suspension at 200–300 times dilution during the early and peak stages of wintering larvae. - For aphids and leaf curlers: Use 50% emulsifiable concentrate diluted 1000–1500 times during active pest damage periods. - For underground pests: At the seedling stage, apply 50% emulsifiable concentrate diluted 1000 times, poured directly into the soil for effective control. **6. Important Notes** - Phoxim degrades quickly under strong sunlight; it is best applied in the evening or on cloudy days. - Avoid mixing with alkaline pesticides, as this may reduce its effectiveness. Do not store the mixture for more than four hours. - Be cautious when using near crops such as soybeans, corn, sorghum, melons, and cruciferous vegetables, which are sensitive to phoxim. - Do not apply within 15 days of harvest. - Store in a cool, dark place away from direct sunlight and moisture. By following these guidelines, farmers can effectively manage pests while minimizing risks to human health and the environment.

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