Application and control of phoxim in fruit trees

Phoxim, also known as acrylonitrile, is a widely used organophosphate insecticide in orchard management. Many fruit growers advocate for the use of low-toxicity, low-residue, and biological pesticides to ensure the safety and quality of fruits. This practice has become a key strategy in enhancing the overall productivity and sustainability of fruit cultivation in China. Here's an updated and detailed overview of phoxim’s application, characteristics, and usage guidelines: **1. Types of Phoxim Formulations** Phoxim is available in several formulations, including 50% emulsifiable concentrate, 25% microcapsule suspension, 3% granules, and 5% granules. These variations allow for flexible application depending on the target pest and environmental conditions. **2. Toxicity Profile** Phoxim is considered to have low toxicity to humans and animals but is highly toxic to aquatic life, bees, and natural predators. Care should be taken to minimize its impact on non-target species, especially in areas with high biodiversity. **3. Mode of Action** As an organophosphate insecticide, phoxim works by inhibiting cholinesterase activity in pests, leading to nervous system dysfunction and eventual death. It is effective against a wide range of pests and has a relatively short residual period, making it easier to decompose in the environment. **4. Key Features** - Broad-spectrum insecticidal activity - Low toxicity to mammals - Fast-acting and easy to break down - Effective against larvae of lepidopteran pests and soil-dwelling insects - Acts through contact and stomach poisoning, with limited systemic activity **5. Target Pests** Phoxim is commonly used to control various pests in fruit trees, including: - Peach heartworms and other caterpillar pests - Leafroller moths, leaf miners, and fruit borers - Aphids, leaf curlers, pear star caterpillars, and thrips - Underground pests such as wireworms and ground beetles **6. Application Methods** - **Heartworms (e.g., peach heartworm):** During the emergence of overwintering larvae, apply 500–600 g of 25% microcapsule suspension per 667 m², diluted in 150 kg of water. Focus on spraying around tree bases. - **Moth pests:** Spray 50% emulsifiable concentrate at a dilution of 1000–1500 times during early infestation stages. - **Peach fruit moth:** Apply 25% microcapsule suspension at 200–300 times dilution during the wintering larval stage. - **Aphids and leaf-eaters:** Use 50% emulsifiable concentrate at 1000–1500 times dilution during active pest damage periods. - **Underground pests:** At seedling stage, apply 50% emulsifiable concentrate at 1000 times dilution directly into the soil for effective control. **7. Important Precautions** - Avoid using phoxim under strong sunlight; best applied in the evening or on cloudy days to prevent rapid degradation. - Do not mix with alkaline pesticides, as this can reduce efficacy. Use the solution within 4 hours. - Be cautious when applying near sensitive crops like soybeans, corn, sorghum, melons, and cruciferous vegetables. - Do not apply within 15 days of harvest. - Store in a cool, dark, and dry place to maintain potency. By following these guidelines, farmers can effectively manage pests while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. Proper use of phoxim contributes to sustainable and safe fruit production.

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