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The use of chemical herbicides for weed control offers significant benefits such as saving labor, time, and achieving effective results, making them increasingly popular among farmers. However, herbicides are a double-edged sword; while they can boost crop yields, improper use can lead to reduced production instead. The rainy season is a critical period for weeds and also the time when herbicides are most commonly used, increasing the risk of phytotoxicity. To avoid this, several precautions should be taken.
First, choosing the right herbicide variety is essential. Each herbicide has specific application guidelines, and different crops require different types. Even within the same crop, the appropriate herbicide may vary depending on growth stages and field conditions. For example, butachlor is suitable for paddy fields, while acetochlor is designed for dry fields. When purchasing herbicides, it's important to check the label to ensure it's suitable for the target crop and application method. If multiple options are available, choose products with good efficacy, low toxicity, minimal residue, and high safety. New varieties should be used cautiously, and it's advisable to conduct small-scale tests or consult other users before full implementation.
Second, strictly follow the dosage and application instructions provided in the manual. Do not increase or decrease the amount arbitrarily. Many farmers mistakenly believe that more herbicide leads to better results, which often causes damage. Some pesticide sellers may even recommend higher concentrations to boost sales, leading to unnecessary harm. For instance, when using acetochlor as a pre-emergence herbicide in cotton fields, the recommended dose is 100–150 grams per acre. However, some farmers increase it to 200–250 grams, resulting in severe phytotoxicity and yield losses of up to 2–3 times.
Third, prevent herbicide drift to non-target crops. Herbicides like 2,4-D butyl ester are particularly harmful to broadleaf plants such as cotton, peanuts, vegetables, and tobacco. A case study showed that when 2,4-D was applied in spring wheat fields, it caused severe damage to nearby crops, reducing cotton yields by about 30% and weight loss up to 50%. To prevent drift, spray during calm or light wind conditions, adjust the nozzle direction to align with the wind, and avoid spraying downwind. Always spray in the correct order to minimize the risk of damaging sensitive crops.
Additionally, consider the residual effects of herbicides on subsequent crops. Some herbicides have long-lasting residues that can affect the next planting season. For example, atrazine is suitable for corn fields before the tasseling stage, but if crops like sugar beets, potatoes, or vegetables are planned for the next season, atrazine should not be used, as it can cause damage to these crops.
Finally, ensure that sprayers used for herbicides are thoroughly cleaned before using them for other pesticides to avoid cross-contamination and potential damage. (By Jia Dengsan, Agricultural Bureau of Zhangle County, Shandong Province)
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