Commonly used fungicides and methods of use

Fungicides and application methods are widely used in agriculture to control plant diseases. According to the China Pesticide Network, here is a detailed overview of common fungicides and their proper usage: 1. **Protective Fungicides** These are applied before infection occurs. They do not have systemic activity but help prevent spore germination and bacterial invasion. Common protective agents include: - **First-generation ammonium**: A 45% water solution diluted 1000 times can prevent downy mildew and bacterial infections in cockroaches. - **Second-generation zinc**: Use 80% wettable powder at 500–800 times dilution or 65% wettable powder at 400–600 times for effective control of downy mildew. - **Daisen Manganese Zinc**: 70% wettable powder diluted 600 times can prevent and treat downy mildew, brown spot, rust, and verticillium. - **Bordeaux mixture**: Prepared with copper sulfate, quicklime, and water in a ratio of 0.5:1:100 to manage downy mildew. - **Chlorothalonil**: Available in 70% and 75% wettable powder forms, it helps prevent brown spot, rust, yellow spot, and downy mildew. - **Enkesson**: 95% wettable powder used at 150–250 grams per acre, either sprayed or applied around the roots to protect silkworms. - **Fumei Double**: 50% wettable powder diluted 500–750 times to control verticillium wilt and brown spot disease. 2. **Systemic Fungicides** These are used after infection has occurred and are absorbed by the plant to control internal spread of pathogens. Examples include: - **Powder Rust**: 20% emulsifiable concentrate diluted 1000–1500 or 3000–5000 times to manage rust and powdery mildew. - **Methyl Thiophanate**: 70% wettable powder at 1000–1500 times dilution to prevent brown spot, powdery mildew, rust, and sclerotinia. - **Ethyl Aluminum Phosphate**: 40% wettable powder diluted 400 times to treat downy mildew. - **Benomyl**: 50% wettable powder at 1500–2000 times dilution to control brown spot, powdery mildew, and rhizoctonia. - **Sclerotia Net**: 40% wettable powder at 100–150 grams per acre mixed with 70–100 liters of water to prevent sclerotium disease. - **Thiazolidine**: 25% wettable powder at 100–300 grams per acre to prevent bacterial leaf spot. - **Carbendazim**: 50% wettable powder diluted 750–1000 times to manage verticillium wilt. 3. **Precautions When Using Fungicides** - **Symptomatic Application**: Choose the right agent based on the disease type. For example, sulfur-based products target powdery mildew, while copper-based ones work against downy mildew. - **Timely Application**: Monitor disease development and apply when conditions are favorable. Avoid spraying during rain, high winds, or extreme heat. - **Correct Dosage**: Follow recommended concentrations. Too little may be ineffective, while too much could cause phytotoxicity and waste resources. - **Application Method**: Use appropriate equipment and techniques. Emulsifiable concentrates and wettable powders can be made into suspensions, while oil-based products should not be diluted with water. - **Frequency of Application**: Determine how often to apply based on the pesticide’s residual effect and disease cycle. - **Safety Measures**: Wear protective gear to avoid human and animal exposure. Do not feed livestock treated plants immediately after spraying. Be cautious of beneficial insects like bees. - **Resistance Management**: Rotate or mix different fungicides to prevent pathogen resistance. - **Prohibited Substances**: Avoid using banned pesticides that are toxic to humans, animals, or the environment. By following these guidelines, farmers can effectively manage plant diseases while ensuring safety and sustainability.

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