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Liquid feeds can broadly include any form of liquid feedstock and products at ambient temperature, such as molasses, liquid fats, liquid methionine analogs, liquid milk replacers, and all used for raising pigs. Price liquid feed. A typical liquid feed generally refers to a mixture of water and feed or a mixture of liquid by-products of the food industry and conventional feed ingredients, having a dry matter content of 20% to 30%. If the water and feed are mixed immediately after mixing in a ratio of 1.5:1 to 4:1, or the fermentation time is short, it is called liquid feed (LF) or non-fermented liquid feed (NFLF). .
If the feed and water are mixed and fermented for a long enough time to reach a steady state, it is called Fermented liquid feed (FLF), usually including spontaneous fermented liquid feed (SFLF) and lactic acid bacteria fermentation (controlled) Or inoculated fermented liquid feed, IFLF). Liquid feeds used in live pig production systems are typically fermented liquid feeds.
1. Development history of liquid feed
In 1814, Henderson first advocated the use of liquid feed. Commercial-scale liquid feed production began in the United States in 1951 and is a rapidly growing field (Williams, 2003). The current annual production is about 2 million tons (AFIA, 2002, 2008). The Liquid Feed Committee of the American Feed Industry Association (LiquidFeedCommittee) holds an annual industry conference. But it wasn't until 1976 that Smith first pointed out that before feeding, the feed was immersed in water for a certain period of time. The naturally occurring lactic acid bacteria and yeast in the grain multiply and produce lactic acid, acetic acid and ethanol, which can then reduce the pH of the feed. This may be the prototype of a fermented liquid feed. By the 1960s and 1970s, suspension technology was applied, resulting in greater flexibility in the production of liquid feed. In recent years, foreign liquid feeds have risen again after a period of low in previous years, and have gradually gained the attention of nutritionists and aquaculture companies. However, the processing and utilization of liquid feed in China is still an emerging technology, and its research and production have just started. People's understanding of its effectiveness and importance is not deep enough.
2, the application characteristics of liquid feed
Liquid feed can use feed products from the human food industry to reduce feed costs. Many liquid by-products from food production are used in pig feed worldwide. In Europe, liquid by-products from the recycled food industry are particularly popular as raw materials for pigs, such as by-products rich in starch and sugar: liquid wheat starch, potato steam and cheese whey. According to the survey, at least 30% of pigs in the EU are fed liquid feed, and most of them are from dairy processing by-products. Liquid feed can also reduce dust loss during feed disposal and feeding, reduce dust in the air, and improve the pig house environment and pig health.
Pigs receive water and feed while eating liquid feed, which is very palatable. Therefore, piglets do not need to be individually trained to feed and drink. Feeding liquid feed can increase the feed intake of piglets after weaning, and the feed digestibility will also increase. However, care should be taken to assess the actual feed intake per day, otherwise the pig will only consume a certain nutrient excess, such as protein. Excess protein inhibits feed utilization and ultimately leads to restricted dry matter intake or diarrhea.
Feeding liquid feed, especially fermented liquid feed, has a positive effect on pig intestinal health and can reduce the number of Salmonella. In addition, fermented liquid feed can also be used as a cost-effective alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. The liquid feed can change the microbial fermentation of tryptophan in the hindgut, transform to the production of terpenoids by using skatole, reduce the skatole, and increase the deposition of mites in the back of the finishing pig, thus reducing the boar sputum. taste.
However, liquid feeds also have their limitations in the application process. Some researchers have noticed that liquid feed waste is relatively high and may be related to the design of the trough. In addition, although there is no direct evidence, trials have shown that pig liquid feeding is sometimes associated with the development of intestinal bleeding syndrome, flatulence and gastric ulcer. The fermentation process also causes loss of essential nutrients in the feed, such as vitamins and amino acids. For example, biogenic amines, lysine converted to cadaverine, cause irreversible loss of porcine amino acid nutrition, which is why some researchers advocate only partial grain fermentation, rather than full feed fermentation.
3, the application of liquid feed in weaned piglets
Liquid feed can improve the intestinal health of piglets. Deprez et al. (1987) reported that liquid feed can improve intestinal health and physiological function in piglets. Hurst (2001) used liquid feed to feed weaned piglets and found that the intestinal villus height and absorption area were significantly higher than those fed the same formula dry feed. Kiyoshi et al. (2010) fed fermented liquid feed to 4-week-old weaned piglets significantly increased the bacterial structural diversity of the ileum and cecum of piglets. Li Yongming et al. (2010) found that fermented grain liquid feed can promote the microbial flora diversity and intestinal micro-ecological balance of digestive tract in 14-day-old super early weaned piglets. Li Fang et al (2010) analysis showed that the feed of fermented grain liquid feed reduced the E. coli content in piglet feces by 84.9%, the lactobacillus content by 145.9%, and the Lactobacillus/E. coli ratio by 10.3 times. The factors caused by the micro-ecological disturbance of the digestive tract are more resistant.
Liquid feed can improve the palatability of feed and improve the growth performance of piglets. Li Fang (2010) reported that the daily feed intake of weaned piglets increased by 41.7% (P<0.01), the daily gain increased by 107.5% (P<0.01), and the feed conversion rate increased by 36.9%. Liu Yan (2016) reported that weaned piglets fed liquid feed increased feed intake by 10.45% to 20.05% and weight gain by 7.75% to 13.61%. Li Yongming et al. (2010) also found that feeding fermented grain liquid feed can significantly increase the daily feed intake and daily gain of super early weaned piglets. Chen Xianxin et al (2011) showed that inoculation of lactic acid bacteria can improve the diarrhea of ​​weaned piglets and increase the apparent digestibility of nutrients, and the effect of inoculation with Lactobacillus cornea is most significant.
Russell et al. (l996) found that weaned piglets fed a liquid feed with a water ratio of 2.5:1 had higher feed intake and growth rates than pellets of the same formulation. Murphy et al. (2002) reported that pigs fed a 14-day-old weaned pig with liquid diet had a 2% increase in body weight and a 44% increase in average daily gain compared to the same diet. Piglets fed liquid feed for the first 3 days after weaning gained almost four times faster than dry-feed piglets (248 g/d Vs 64 g/d). However, as piglets age, the difference in average daily gain between feed-fed piglets and dry-feed piglets is rapidly reduced. Therefore, liquid feed is more effective for piglets in the early weaning period.
4, the application of liquid feed in growing fattening pigs
In the fattening stage of pigs, the important advantage of liquid feed is that it can use a large amount of cheap liquid raw materials, such as liquid amino acids, enzymes and food industry by-products (beer by-products, potato processing by-products), to reduce environmental pollution. Reduce feed costs. As far as the feeding effect is concerned, the digestive tract and immune system of the growing and finishing pigs have been developed. Therefore, the application effect of the liquid feed on the growing and finishing pigs is generally worse than that of the piglets, but the microbial flora and growth of the liquid feed on the growing and finishing pigs. Performance is also influential. Studies have shown that the number of days required for fattening pigs to reach the same body weight (110 kg) is reduced by 3% (150.6 d Vs 154.7 d), and the uniformity of the listed pigs is increased. Canibe (2003) reported that feeding liquid feed improved the growth performance of growing pigs (995 g/d Vs 961 g/d), decreased pH in pig stomach (4.0 Vs 4.4-4.6), and increased lactate levels in pig stomach (113). mmoL/kg Vs 50~60 mmoL/kg). Chen Xianxin et al (2010) found that lactic acid bacteria fermentation liquid feed can improve the level of lactic acid bacteria in fattening pigs, reduce the levels of E. coli and Salmonella, and improve growth performance.
5, the application of liquid feed in sows
Liquid feed can promote satiety in pregnant sows; it can increase the dry matter intake of lactating sows and improve production performance. Fermented liquid feed can also improve the health of piglets by improving the intestinal health of the sow. Jensen (1998) and Demeckova et al. (2002) found that the sows fed fermented liquid feed, the number of E. coli in the intestines and feces was significantly reduced, which helped to reduce the number of E. coli in the living environment of piglets and enhance the physical condition of suckling piglets. Demeckova et al. (2002) also found that fermented liquid feed can increase the mitogenic activity of sow intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) and blood lymphocytes, and can increase the growth of colostrum and immune active substances in sows. The authors also found that the number of lactic acid bacteria in the feces of piglets fed the fermented liquid feed sows was significantly increased, and the number of E. coli was significantly reduced.
6, liquid feed development trend
In general, liquid feeds are better for piglets than for growing pigs and sows. The feeding effect of the piglets in the first 2 weeks after weaning was significantly better than the last 2 weeks. However, the research on liquid feed is still in the exploration stage, and the application is mainly limited to weaned piglets. There are also a series of problems to be studied, such as how to formulate a more scientific and reasonable liquid feed formula? How to match the modern large-scale farming methods, how to develop reliable and efficient liquid feed processing equipment and feeding equipment? How to rationally apply liquid industrial by-products in various physiological stages of pigs? Various additives (organic acids, enzymes) How to formulate, probiotics, etc. How to scientifically add and replace antibiotics in liquid feed?
Adhering to problem orientation, finding problems, and solving problems is a scientific attitude. It is believed that with the continuous deepening and systematic research of liquid feed, the continuous development of processing machinery and equipment, the continuous improvement of supporting feeding technology, and the decline in the cost of use, liquid feed will gradually be accepted by breeding enterprises, and it will be occupied in the production of live pigs. The more important the status, the liquid feed has broad application prospects.
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